Data & Charts
The universe, in numbers.
Planet data sheets, physical constants and universe composition — every figure cites its source and an "as-of" date where values can change.
01 — Planet Explorer
Eight worlds, one data sheet each.
Select a planet to see its data sheet. Switch the metric to compare all eight worlds side by side.
Diameter 12,742 km
Distance from Sun 1.000 AU
Mass 1 Earth
Surface gravity 9.807 m/s²
One rotation 23h 56m
One orbit 1.00 Earth yr
Known moons 1
Source: NASA Planetary Fact Sheets · as of 2024
Planet diameter
Mercury
4,879km
Venus
12,104km
Earth
12,742km
Mars
6,779km
Jupiter
139,820km
Saturn
116,460km
Uranus
50,724km
Neptune
49,244km
Sphere sizes proportional to diameter. Distances not to scale.
02 — Key Constants
Numbers the tools use.
Speed of light (c) 299,792.458 km/s
Astronomical Unit (AU) 149,597,870.7 km
Light-year (ly) ≈ 9.4607 × 10¹² km
Parsec (pc) ≈ 3.0857 × 10¹³ km
Age of Universe ~13.8 billion years
Age of Solar System ~4.6 billion years
Sources: IAU · NIST · NASA · Planck Collaboration 2018
What the universe is made of
Dark energy ~68%
Dark matter ~27%
Ordinary matter ~5%
Illustrative model · Planck Collaboration 2018 · Values approximate
Use these in the tools →Frequently asked questions
- All planetary figures — diameter, mass, gravity, orbital period, moon count — are taken from NASA's Planetary Fact Sheets (Goddard Space Flight Center), last reviewed 2024. Values marked ~ are rounded to three significant figures.
- Dark energy is the name given to the unknown cause of the universe's accelerating expansion. The 68% figure comes from analysis of the cosmic microwave background by the Planck Collaboration (2018). The remaining 27% is dark matter and only ~5% is ordinary matter.
- Since 1983, the speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 m/s (299,792.458 km/s) by definition — it is used to define the metre. The value is maintained by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).
- Jupiter's enormous gravity captures small rocky bodies that venture too close. As of 2024, Jupiter has 95 confirmed moons — the most of any planet. Many are small irregular moons likely captured from the asteroid belt. See the full list at the JPL Solar System Dynamics moon page.